Sustainable management of transboundary rivers, especially in water-scarce regions is increasingly becoming more challenging
due to the collective adverse impact of upstream development and climate change on transboundary scale. Two major tributaries
of the Tigris River, the Diyala (Sīrvān) and the Lesser Zab River basins, are shared between Iraq and Iran. They were adopted as
representative basins for a large number of transboundary rivers, where short-sighted perspectives are currently ruling their
management policies. Climate change is anticipated to lead to greater frequency and intensity of droughts, and higher tension is
likely to emerge. The authors developed a technical support framework (TSF) that helps decision-making to alleviate the combined
negative impact of climate change at basin scale and upstream human-induced impairments. The TSF encompasses six key
measures: (1) cross-sectoral trade-offs; (2) improved water-use efficiency and reduction of losses; (3) development of a sound
groundwater planning policy; (4) cutbacks in demand while maintaining environmental flow in the river; (5) inter- and intra-basin
water transfer systems; and (6) quantification of current supply-demand gaps and sizing a future gaps. The framework supports the
sustainable management of water resources in both Diyala and Lesser Zab basins as well as others in common river catchments.
The recommendation is that a lower riparian country should put in place measures such as increasing water-use efficiency,
rehabilitation of damaged and deteriorated irrigation facilities, and inter- and intra-basin water transfer arrangements to reduce the
gap between growing water demands and corresponding supplies.